Language Graph link types

The nodes in the Language Graph are linked together by many different types of links. There are four intertwined hierarchies linking the nodes, as well as horizontal links that indicate a relationship that is not hierarchical in nature.

Four Hierarchies

Hierarchy	Description
Parent	A parent node is one that is more general than its child. For nouns, this can be described as an is-a or type-of relationship. For example, a dog is-a canine, a sedan is a type-of car. The same type of relationship can also be extended to verbs, adjectives and adverbs: to devour is to eat (verb), to be enraged is to be angry (adjective), to act angrily is to act emotionally (adverb). All nouns have a parent, except for a small set of nominal top nodes. For the other parts of speech, the number of tops nodes is much greater and many nodes have no parents or children.
Category	A category is a topic or field of discussion. A node can be linked to zero or more categories. The categories themselves are organized into a hierarchy. For example, the category medicine/N3 is above the the category neurology/N1. The members of a category are nodes that belong to the topic or field indicated by the category. For example, neuroscientist/N1 and neuron/N1 are in category neurology/N1.
Property	A property is a real world characteristic or feature of a node. More general properties are placed above more specific ones. A node can be linked to zero or more properties.
Named Entity	The named entity hierarchy has two levels: NE types and subtypes. All named entities must be classified within this hierarchy and NE linked to one and only one NE type or subtype. Since all NE type and subtype nodes are also properties, if a node needs to be linked more than one NE type/subtype, the additional links will be property links.For example, the subtype for Arnold_Scharzenegger/N1 is entertainer/N1, but it also has the property politician/N2.

The element/subgroup distinction

For parent, property and named entity links pointing to nouns, a distinction is made between two different logical relations: 'is a subgroup of' (X ϲ Y (X is a subset of set Y)) and 'is an element of' (x ε Y (x is member of set Y)). The subgroup relation can be simplified as follows: 'a X is a Y' or 'X is Y'; an element relation as follows: 'X is a Y' or 'a X is Y' or 'X is an element of the class Y'.

For example, the node captain/N1 is a subgroup of military_person/N1, but an element of the military_title/N1.

Link types

Parenting links

hyponymElement	Links a parent to its child, when the child is an element of the parent.
hyponymSubgroup	Links a parent to its child, when the child is a subgroup of the parent.
instantiation	Links a parent to its child, when the child is an element of the parent and when the child represents a singular entity in the world (such as a person). This link is logically equivalent to a hyponymElement link.
subtype	Links a parent adjective or adverb to a child adjective or adverb.

Category links

classifCategory	Links a node to a category. This link is used when the node is a member of both the category being linked and all (or the majority of) its subcategories. For example, outdoor_sport/N1 is linked to the category sport with a classifCategory link.
specializedCategoryMember	Links a node to a category. This link is used when the node is a member of a category, but not its subcategories. For example, motorsport/N1 is linked to category sport with a specializedCategoryMember link, because it does not apply to most of its subcategories.
classifCategoryHyponym	Links a category to its subcategory. For example, linking sport/N1 to ice_hockey/N1.
classifCategoryRelated	Links two related categories. For example, linking economy/N1 to politics/N1.

Property links

propertyElemen	Links a property to a node, when the node is an element of the property.
propertySubgroup	Links a property to a node, when the node is a subgroup of the property.
subProperty	Links a property to its subproperty. For example, linking written_composition/N1 to poem/N1.

Named entity links

NeElement	Links a NE type or subtype to a node, when the node is an element of the NE type or subtype.
NeSubgroup	Links a NE type or subtype to a node, when the node is a subgroup of the NE type or subtype.
namedEntitySubtype	Links a NE type to a subtype. For example, linking person/N1 to politician/N1.

Compound links

fineCompoundToFine	Links a compound to the senses that form it. These senses are called constituents. The senses preserve their meaning within the compound. For example, linking historical_novel/N1 to novel/N1.
fineCompoundNonCompositional	Links a compound to the senses that form it, when meaning is not fully preserved. For example, linking world_citizen/N1 to world/N5.

Structural links

abbreviation	Links a lemma to an abbreviation of that lemma. For example, linking street to st.
acronym	Links a lemma to an acronym or initialism. For example, linking Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation to FBI.
WordToAltCase	Links a lemma to lemma with different casing. For example, linking banana to Banana.
WordToFine	Links a lemma to fine sense. For example, linking banana to banana/N1.
WordToCoarse	Links a lemma to a coarse sense. For example, linking banana to banana/C1.
RootToCoarse	Links a root lemma to a coarse sense. For example, linking banana to banana/C1.
WordToRoot	Links a variant form lemma to a a root lemma. For example, linking bananas to banana.
CoarseToSyn	Links a coarse sense to a fine sense. For example, linking banana/C1 to banana/N1.

Semantic links

near_synonym	Links two synsets that have very similar meanings and whose elements can often be substituted for one another.
match_equivalent	Links two synsets that have similar meanings and whose elements with matching lemmas are nearly indistinguishable.
antonym	Links two synsets that are antonyms of one another.
pert (pertainym)	Links an adjective to the noun it pertains to. For example, linking African/J1 to Africa/N1.
nominalization	Links a noun that is the property or trait of an adjective to that adjective. For example, linking beauty/N1 to beautiful/J1.

Verb links

derivation_gerund	Links a gerund to the verb from which it was derived. The KB does not contain all possible gerunds.
ppl (past/present participle link)	Links an adjective to that is a past or present participle to the verb from which it was derived. The KB does not contain all possible past and present participles. For example, linking stolen/J1 to steal/V1.
agent	Links a verb to a noun that can act as its agent (the doer, the entity carrying out the action).
theme	Links a verb to a noun that can act as its theme (the entity being acted upon).

isAbout	Links two synsets where the first is predominantly about the second. For example, linking Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix/N1 to Order_of_the_Phoenix/N1.
genreMember	Links a creation named entity (book, movie, song, etc.) to a genre. For example, linking The_Exorcist/N2 to horror/N4.
hasMember	Links two instantiations, where the first is a group of people or an organization and the second is a member of this group or organization. For example, linking New_York_Yankees/N3 to Roger_Clemens/N1.
hasPart	Links two synsets, where the first is a heterogenous set and the second is a part of this set. For example, linking car/N1 to car_door/N1.
hasStuff	Links two synsets, where the first contains or is made up of the second. For example, linking water/N1 to oxygen/N1 or Advil/N1 to ibuprofen/N1.
produced_by	Links a product to the company that produces it. For example, linking Windows_XP/N1 to Microsoft_Corporation/N1.
offered_by	A weaker and more generic form of produced_by. For example, linking NESUBTYPE_handheld_communication_or_organization_device/N1 to consumer_electronics_company/N1.
sold_by	Links a type of product to the type of company that sells it. For example, linking car/N1 to car_dealer/N1.
owned_by	Links two instantiations, where the first is owned by the second. For example, linking Virgin_Records/N1 to Virgin_Records_America_Incorporated/N1.

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